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While there are hundreds of specialized fittings manufactured, some fittings are used widely in piping and plumbing systems.

Elbow
A pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction, usually 90° or 45°. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, it is called a reducing or reducer elbow.

Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius of types. The short radius elbows have a center to end distance equal to the NPS in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in inches. Short elbows are universally available; long elbows are readily available in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS, plastic), PVC for DWV, sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.

Street elbow
A variant of the elbow, typically of male to female connections; see Street elbow.

Tee
A tee is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. Most common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes, but 'reducing' tees are available as well. Tee-fittings are also an integral part of the computer-enthusiast level watercooling solutions found in many modern enthusiast PCs. The fitting is one of the three main components of a T-Line, alongside an end-cap or fillport and a length of tubing. They are plumbed into the system, with the perpendicular barb (and its attached stretch of tubing leading to a fillport or a cap).

Cross
A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. Crosses are common in fire sprinkler systems, but not in plumbing due to their extra cost as compared to using two tees.

The three outlets should be named in order; left, middle , right. For example 15-22-15

Cap
A type of pipe fitting, often liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap has a similar function to a plug. In plumbing systems that use threads the cap has female threads.

Plug
A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated to. In a threaded iron pipe plumbing system, plugs have male threads.

Nipple
Short stub of pipe, usually threaded iron, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)or copper; occasionally just bare copper. A nipple is defined as being a short stub of pipe which has two male ends. Nipple are commonly used for plumbing and hoses, and second as valves for funnels and pipes.


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